7.62×39 vs .308: A Comprehensive Cartridge Comparison

The world of ammunition can be complex, with a vast array of cartridges designed for different purposes. Two popular rounds that often spark debate are the 7.62×39 and the .308 Winchester (7.62x51mm NATO). Both are centerfire rifle cartridges, but their differences in size, ballistics, and applications make them suitable for distinct roles. This article provides a comprehensive comparison of the 7.62×39 vs .308, exploring their history, specifications, performance, and ideal uses.

History and Development

Understanding the historical context of each cartridge provides valuable insight into their design and purpose.

7.62×39: The Soviet Workhorse

The 7.62×39 was developed in the Soviet Union during World War II. It was designed to be a more effective intermediate cartridge than the pistol-caliber submachine gun rounds that were prevalent at the time. The cartridge was intended for use in the SKS carbine and, most famously, the AK-47 assault rifle. Its design prioritized controllability in automatic fire and sufficient power for effective engagement at moderate ranges. The 7.62×39 quickly became a standard cartridge for the Warsaw Pact nations and remains one of the most widely used rifle rounds globally.

.308 Winchester: The NATO Standard

The .308 Winchester, also known as 7.62x51mm NATO, was developed in the United States in the early 1950s. It was designed as a replacement for the .30-06 Springfield, a full-power rifle cartridge that had served as the U.S. military’s primary rifle round for decades. The .308 offered similar performance to the .30-06 but in a shorter, lighter cartridge, allowing for more compact and lighter firearms. It was adopted by NATO as the 7.62x51mm NATO round and has been used in a wide range of rifles and machine guns ever since. [See also: .30-06 vs .308: Which Cartridge Reigns Supreme?]

Cartridge Specifications

Examining the physical characteristics of each cartridge is crucial for understanding their performance differences.

7.62×39 Dimensions

Bullet Diameter: .311 inches (7.9 mm)
Neck Diameter: .339 inches (8.6 mm)
Base Diameter: .447 inches (11.4 mm)
Case Length: 1.535 inches (39 mm)
Overall Length: 2.205 inches (56 mm)
Typical Bullet Weight: 122-125 grains

.308 Winchester Dimensions

Bullet Diameter: .308 inches (7.8 mm)
Neck Diameter: .343 inches (8.7 mm)
Base Diameter: .470 inches (11.9 mm)
Case Length: 2.015 inches (51.2 mm)
Overall Length: 2.800 inches (71.1 mm)
Typical Bullet Weight: 150-180 grains

The .308 is significantly larger and more powerful than the 7.62×39. The larger case capacity of the .308 allows it to accommodate more propellant, resulting in higher velocities and energies.

Ballistic Performance

Ballistics are a critical factor in determining the effectiveness of a cartridge.

Velocity and Energy

The .308 Winchester generally exhibits higher velocities and energies than the 7.62×39. A typical 150-grain .308 bullet can achieve muzzle velocities of around 2,800-2,900 feet per second (fps), generating muzzle energies of approximately 2,700-3,000 foot-pounds (ft-lbs). In contrast, a 123-grain 7.62×39 bullet typically achieves muzzle velocities of around 2,300-2,400 fps, with muzzle energies of approximately 1,500-1,600 ft-lbs. This difference in energy translates to a flatter trajectory and greater effective range for the .308.

Trajectory and Range

Due to its higher velocity and ballistic coefficient (a measure of a bullet’s ability to overcome air resistance), the .308 has a flatter trajectory and longer effective range than the 7.62×39. The .308 can maintain supersonic velocities at longer distances, making it more suitable for engaging targets at ranges beyond 300 meters. The 7.62×39, while still effective at moderate ranges, experiences significant bullet drop at longer distances, making it less precise for long-range shooting.

Recoil

Recoil is another important consideration, especially for rapid follow-up shots. The .308 typically produces more recoil than the 7.62×39 due to its higher energy levels. This can make the .308 more challenging to control in lightweight rifles or for shooters who are sensitive to recoil. The 7.62×39 offers a more manageable recoil impulse, making it easier to control in semi-automatic and automatic firearms.

Accuracy

Accuracy depends on several factors, including the cartridge, firearm, and shooter. Both the 7.62×39 and .308 can be accurate cartridges in well-made rifles.

The .308, particularly when loaded with high-quality match ammunition, is capable of exceptional accuracy and is often used in precision shooting competitions. The 7.62×39, while not typically known for its pinpoint accuracy, can still deliver acceptable results for general-purpose shooting and hunting at moderate ranges. The accuracy of the 7.62×39 can vary depending on the quality of the ammunition and the rifle.

Availability and Cost

Availability and cost are practical considerations for many shooters.

7.62×39 Availability and Cost

The 7.62×39 is widely available and generally less expensive than the .308. This is due to its mass production and widespread use in military and civilian markets. Surplus ammunition is often available, further reducing the cost. The lower cost of 7.62×39 ammunition makes it an attractive option for high-volume shooting and training.

.308 Winchester Availability and Cost

The .308 is also readily available, but it tends to be more expensive than the 7.62×39. The higher cost is due to the higher performance and the fact that it’s frequently used in hunting and precision shooting applications, which often require more expensive components and manufacturing processes. While .308 ammunition may be more expensive, the wider range of bullet weights and types available allows for greater flexibility in tailoring loads to specific applications. [See also: Understanding Ammunition Costs: A Comprehensive Guide]

Ideal Uses

The best cartridge for a particular application depends on the specific needs and priorities of the shooter.

7.62×39 Ideal Uses

General-Purpose Shooting: The 7.62×39 is well-suited for general-purpose shooting, plinking, and recreational target practice. Its lower cost and manageable recoil make it an enjoyable cartridge for high-volume shooting.
Hunting: The 7.62×39 can be used for hunting medium-sized game, such as deer and hogs, at moderate ranges. While it may not have the same range and stopping power as the .308, it can be effective when used within its limitations.
Home Defense: The 7.62×39 can be a viable option for home defense, particularly in rifles like the AK-47. Its compact size and manageable recoil make it easier to handle in close quarters.
Budget-Conscious Shooting: The 7.62×39 is an excellent choice for shooters who are looking for an affordable and versatile cartridge.

.308 Winchester Ideal Uses

Long-Range Shooting: The .308 is a top choice for long-range shooting and precision target practice. Its flatter trajectory and higher energy allow for accurate engagement at longer distances.
Hunting: The .308 is a popular hunting cartridge for a wide range of game, including deer, elk, and even larger animals. Its high energy and various bullet options make it suitable for different types of hunting.
Military and Law Enforcement: The .308 (7.62x51mm NATO) is widely used by military and law enforcement agencies in rifles, machine guns, and sniper rifles.
Competition Shooting: The .308 is a common choice for various shooting competitions, including precision rifle series (PRS) and long-range matches.

Firearm Availability

The availability of firearms chambered in each cartridge is also a factor to consider.

7.62×39 Firearms

The 7.62×39 is primarily associated with the AK-47 and SKS rifles, both of which are widely available in various configurations. These rifles are known for their reliability and ruggedness. Other firearms chambered in 7.62×39 include bolt-action rifles and AR-15 variants, offering more options for shooters.

.308 Winchester Firearms

The .308 is chambered in a vast array of firearms, including bolt-action rifles, semi-automatic rifles, and even some lever-action rifles. Bolt-action rifles chambered in .308 are popular for hunting and precision shooting, while semi-automatic rifles like the AR-10 are used for tactical applications and competition. The wide variety of .308 firearms makes it easy to find a rifle that suits specific needs and preferences.

Conclusion: 7.62×39 vs .308 – Choosing the Right Cartridge

In the debate of 7.62×39 vs .308, there is no definitive “winner.” The best cartridge depends on the intended use and the shooter’s priorities. The 7.62×39 offers affordability, manageable recoil, and adequate performance for general-purpose shooting, hunting at moderate ranges, and home defense. The .308, on the other hand, provides superior ballistics, longer effective range, and greater versatility for hunting larger game, long-range shooting, and tactical applications.

Consider your specific needs, budget, and shooting preferences when making your decision. Whether you choose the 7.62×39 or the .308, both cartridges offer unique advantages and can provide years of reliable service.