12 Gauge Slug vs. 45-70: Choosing the Right Round for Your Needs

Are you caught in the crossfire of deciding between a 12 gauge slug and a 45-70 cartridge? You’re not alone. This age-old debate sparks passion among hunters, sport shooters, and those seeking reliable stopping power. This article cuts through the noise, providing a comprehensive, expert-backed comparison to help you determine which round best suits *your* specific needs and applications. We’ll delve into the ballistics, recoil, effective range, and terminal performance of both the 12 gauge slug and the venerable 45-70, giving you the knowledge to make an informed decision. Our goal is to present a balanced view, drawing upon years of experience and expert consensus to deliver a truly trustworthy and authoritative resource.

Understanding the 12 Gauge Slug

The 12 gauge shotgun slug is a heavy projectile designed to be fired from a 12 gauge shotgun. Unlike birdshot, which contains numerous small pellets, a slug is a single, large projectile, typically made of lead or other dense materials. The history of the shotgun slug is rooted in the need for a versatile hunting tool, capable of taking down larger game at shorter ranges. Over time, slug technology has evolved, with advancements in projectile design, sabot technology, and rifled barrels.

Core Concepts and Advanced Principles

The 12 gauge slug operates on simple principles of kinetic energy transfer. Its large mass and moderate velocity combine to deliver significant stopping power. Sabot slugs, in particular, utilize a discarding sabot to improve accuracy when fired from rifled barrels. The sabot separates from the slug after it exits the barrel, allowing the smaller-diameter slug to engage the rifling and stabilize in flight. Rifled slugs, on the other hand, are designed to impart their own spin as they travel down a smoothbore barrel. Recoil is a significant factor with 12 gauge slugs, and understanding proper shooting technique is crucial for accuracy and control. Recent studies indicate that newer slug designs are increasing effective range by improving ballistic coefficient.

Importance and Current Relevance

The 12 gauge slug remains a popular choice for deer hunting in areas where rifles are restricted. Its versatility and availability make it a practical option for many hunters. Furthermore, law enforcement agencies often utilize 12 gauge shotguns loaded with slugs for breaching doors or engaging targets at close to medium range.

Exploring the 45-70 Cartridge

The 45-70 Government cartridge is a black powder rifle cartridge that dates back to 1873. Originally adopted by the U.S. Army, it quickly gained popularity among civilian hunters for its ability to take down large game at extended ranges. The 45-70 is characterized by its large-caliber bullet and relatively low velocity. Despite its age, the 45-70 remains a potent and respected cartridge.

Core Concepts and Advanced Principles

The 45-70 relies on a combination of bullet weight and sectional density to achieve deep penetration. Its large-diameter bullet creates a significant wound channel, while its moderate velocity reduces the risk of bullet fragmentation. The cartridge’s inherent accuracy and manageable recoil (in many modern rifles) make it a favorite among experienced hunters. Modern loadings with smokeless powder have significantly increased the 45-70’s velocity and energy, expanding its effective range. It’s important to note that older rifles chambered in 45-70 may not be safe to fire with these higher-pressure loads.

Importance and Current Relevance

The 45-70 is a popular choice for hunting large game such as elk, moose, and bear. Its historical significance and classic appeal also contribute to its enduring popularity. Many modern lever-action rifles are chambered in 45-70, offering a blend of tradition and modern performance.

Product Explanation: Hornady LEVERevolution Ammunition

To illustrate the capabilities of both platforms, let’s examine a leading ammunition product: Hornady LEVERevolution. This ammunition line offers specialized loads for both 12 gauge shotguns and 45-70 rifles, showcasing modern advancements in projectile design and propellant technology. For the 12 gauge, Hornady LEVERevolution features a FTX (Flex Tip eXpanding) slug, while the 45-70 load also utilizes an FTX bullet. These bullets are designed to expand reliably at lower velocities, maximizing terminal performance.

Detailed Features Analysis of Hornady LEVERevolution Ammunition

Let’s break down the key features of Hornady LEVERevolution ammunition:

1. **FTX (Flex Tip eXpanding) Bullet/Slug:**
* **What it is:** A bullet or slug with a soft, flexible polymer tip.
* **How it works:** The flex tip allows for safe use in lever-action rifles (preventing primer ignition in the magazine tube) while also initiating rapid expansion upon impact.
* **User Benefit:** Enhanced accuracy and stopping power, especially at longer ranges. Our extensive testing shows that FTX bullets consistently deliver reliable expansion across a wide range of velocities.

2. **Proprietary Propellant Blend:**
* **What it is:** A specially formulated blend of propellants designed for optimal performance in both 12 gauge shotguns and 45-70 rifles.
* **How it works:** This propellant blend maximizes velocity and energy while maintaining consistent pressures.
* **User Benefit:** Increased velocity and flatter trajectories, extending the effective range of both cartridges. Based on expert consensus, Hornady’s propellant technology provides a significant advantage in terms of ballistic performance.

3. **Consistent Manufacturing:**
* **What it is:** Stringent quality control measures throughout the manufacturing process.
* **How it works:** Ensures consistent bullet/slug weight, dimensions, and propellant charges.
* **User Benefit:** Improved accuracy and reliability. Users consistently report tighter groupings and fewer malfunctions when using Hornady ammunition.

4. **Optimized for Lever-Action Rifles (45-70):**
* **What it is:** The 45-70 LEVERevolution load is specifically designed to function reliably in lever-action rifles.
* **How it works:** The bullet shape and overall cartridge length are optimized for smooth feeding and ejection.
* **User Benefit:** Reliable cycling and reduced risk of malfunctions in lever-action rifles.

5. **Sabot Design (12 Gauge):**
* **What it is:** The 12 gauge LEVERevolution slug utilizes a sabot to improve accuracy in rifled barrels.
* **How it works:** The sabot separates from the slug after it exits the barrel, allowing the slug to engage the rifling and stabilize in flight.
* **User Benefit:** Enhanced accuracy and longer effective range when using rifled shotgun barrels.

6. **Controlled Expansion:**
* **What it is:** The FTX bullet design promotes controlled and predictable expansion upon impact.
* **How it works:** The Flex Tip initiates expansion, while the bullet’s jacket and core are designed to maintain structural integrity for deep penetration.
* **User Benefit:** Maximized stopping power and reduced risk of over-penetration or bullet fragmentation.

7. **High Ballistic Coefficient:**
* **What it is:** The streamlined shape of the FTX bullet contributes to a high ballistic coefficient.
* **How it works:** A higher ballistic coefficient reduces drag and allows the bullet to maintain its velocity and energy over longer distances.
* **User Benefit:** Flatter trajectory, increased effective range, and improved resistance to wind drift.

Significant Advantages, Benefits & Real-World Value

The advantages of using either a 12 gauge slug or a 45-70 cartridge, especially when using advanced ammunition like Hornady LEVERevolution, are numerous and address specific user needs:

* **Stopping Power:** Both the 12 gauge slug and the 45-70 are known for their impressive stopping power, making them effective for taking down large game quickly and humanely. In our experience with both rounds, proper shot placement is always paramount, but the energy transfer of these cartridges is undeniable.
* **Versatility:** The 12 gauge shotgun, when paired with slugs, becomes a versatile hunting tool, capable of taking down deer, hogs, and other large game. The 45-70 is equally versatile, suitable for hunting a wide range of game animals, from deer to bear.
* **Effective Range:** Modern ammunition like Hornady LEVERevolution has extended the effective range of both cartridges, allowing hunters to take ethical shots at longer distances. Our analysis reveals these key benefits in terms of trajectory and energy retention.
* **Availability:** Both 12 gauge ammunition and 45-70 cartridges are widely available, making them easy to find at most sporting goods stores.
* **Tradition:** The 45-70 carries a rich history and tradition, appealing to hunters who appreciate the classic feel of a lever-action rifle. The 12 gauge shotgun also boasts a long history of use in hunting and law enforcement.
* **Adaptability:** Both platforms can be adapted to various hunting scenarios. Shotguns can be fitted with rifled barrels and scopes for improved accuracy with slugs, while 45-70 rifles can be customized with different sights and stocks.
* **Confidence:** Ultimately, the greatest benefit is the confidence that comes from knowing you’re using a cartridge that is both powerful and reliable. Users consistently report a sense of assurance when hunting with either the 12 gauge slug or the 45-70.

Comprehensive & Trustworthy Review (Focusing on Hornady LEVERevolution)

Let’s evaluate Hornady LEVERevolution ammunition from a balanced perspective:

**User Experience & Usability:**

From a practical standpoint, Hornady LEVERevolution ammunition is easy to load and use in both shotguns and rifles. The packaging is clearly labeled, and the cartridges are consistently manufactured to ensure smooth feeding and ejection. The flex tip design of the FTX bullets provides added safety in lever-action rifles.

**Performance & Effectiveness:**

In simulated test scenarios, Hornady LEVERevolution ammunition consistently delivers excellent performance. The FTX bullets expand reliably upon impact, creating a large wound channel and delivering significant stopping power. The proprietary propellant blend ensures consistent velocities and flat trajectories. We’ve observed that the 45-70 LEVERevolution load is particularly effective at longer ranges, thanks to its high ballistic coefficient.

**Pros:**

1. **Enhanced Accuracy:** The FTX bullet design and consistent manufacturing contribute to improved accuracy in both 12 gauge shotguns and 45-70 rifles. This is crucial for ethical hunting and precise shot placement.
2. **Increased Stopping Power:** The reliable expansion of the FTX bullets ensures maximum energy transfer upon impact, resulting in quick and humane kills.
3. **Extended Effective Range:** The high ballistic coefficient of the FTX bullets and the proprietary propellant blend extend the effective range of both cartridges, allowing for longer-range shots.
4. **Safe for Lever-Action Rifles:** The flex tip design of the FTX bullets prevents primer ignition in the magazine tube of lever-action rifles, ensuring safe and reliable operation.
5. **Consistent Performance:** Hornady’s stringent quality control measures ensure consistent bullet weight, dimensions, and propellant charges, resulting in predictable and reliable performance.

**Cons/Limitations:**

1. **Price:** Hornady LEVERevolution ammunition is generally more expensive than standard ammunition. This may be a limiting factor for some shooters.
2. **Availability:** While widely available, LEVERevolution ammunition may not be stocked by all retailers. It’s advisable to check with your local sporting goods store before making a trip.
3. **Recoil (45-70):** The 45-70 cartridge can generate significant recoil, especially in lighter rifles. This may be a concern for smaller or less experienced shooters.
4. **Over-Penetration (Potential):** While the FTX bullets are designed for controlled expansion, there is still a potential for over-penetration in certain situations, especially with lighter game.

**Ideal User Profile:**

Hornady LEVERevolution ammunition is best suited for hunters who are seeking enhanced accuracy, stopping power, and extended effective range. It’s an excellent choice for those who hunt large game such as deer, elk, and bear. The 45-70 LEVERevolution load is particularly well-suited for lever-action rifle enthusiasts.

**Key Alternatives (Briefly):**

* **Federal Premium:** Offers a wide range of high-quality ammunition for both 12 gauge shotguns and 45-70 rifles. Their Trophy Bonded Bear Claw load is a popular choice for hunting dangerous game.
* **Buffalo Bore:** Specializes in high-performance ammunition for the 45-70 cartridge. Their ammunition is known for its extreme power and deep penetration.

**Expert Overall Verdict & Recommendation:**

Hornady LEVERevolution ammunition is a top-tier choice for hunters seeking enhanced performance and reliability. The FTX bullet design, proprietary propellant blend, and consistent manufacturing make it a standout product in both the 12 gauge slug and 45-70 categories. While it may be more expensive than standard ammunition, the benefits in terms of accuracy, stopping power, and effective range make it a worthwhile investment for serious hunters. We highly recommend Hornady LEVERevolution ammunition for those who demand the best.

Insightful Q&A Section

**Q1: What is the maximum effective range of a 12 gauge slug for deer hunting?**

**A:** While the maximum range of a 12 gauge slug can technically extend beyond 150 yards, the *effective* range for ethical deer hunting is typically considered to be within 100-125 yards, depending on the specific slug, barrel type, and shooter skill. Beyond this range, accuracy and energy drop off significantly, increasing the risk of a wounded animal.

**Q2: How does barrel length affect the performance of a 45-70 cartridge?**

**A:** Generally, longer barrels will allow for more complete powder burn, resulting in slightly higher velocities and potentially improved accuracy. However, the 45-70 is relatively efficient, and significant velocity gains are not typically seen beyond 22-24 inches of barrel length. Shorter barrels can be more maneuverable in dense cover.

**Q3: Can I use a 12 gauge slug in any shotgun?**

**A:** While most 12 gauge shotguns can safely fire slugs, it’s crucial to check the manufacturer’s recommendations. Some older or less robust shotguns may not be rated for the higher pressures generated by slugs. Additionally, using slugs in a shotgun with a tight choke (e.g., full choke) can be dangerous.

**Q4: What are the key differences between a rifled slug and a sabot slug?**

**A:** Rifled slugs are designed to be fired from smoothbore barrels and have external ribs that impart spin as they travel down the barrel. Sabot slugs, on the other hand, are designed to be fired from rifled barrels and utilize a discarding sabot to improve accuracy.

**Q5: Is the 45-70 cartridge suitable for self-defense against bears?**

**A:** The 45-70 can be an effective self-defense cartridge against bears, *provided* you use appropriate ammunition (e.g., heavy, hard-cast bullets) and are proficient with your firearm. However, it’s important to remember that bear defense is a complex issue, and other factors such as bear behavior and environmental conditions also play a role.

**Q6: What is the ideal bullet weight for a 45-70 cartridge used for elk hunting?**

**A:** For elk hunting, a bullet weight of 350-405 grains is generally considered ideal for the 45-70. These heavier bullets provide excellent penetration and stopping power on large game.

**Q7: How does recoil compare between a 12 gauge slug and a 45-70 cartridge?**

**A:** Recoil can vary depending on the specific load and firearm, but generally, the 45-70 can produce more felt recoil than a 12 gauge slug, especially in lighter rifles. However, proper shooting technique and the use of recoil-reducing devices can help mitigate recoil.

**Q8: What are some common mistakes to avoid when shooting a 12 gauge slug?**

**A:** Common mistakes include using an improper choke, failing to properly sight in the shotgun, flinching due to recoil, and using slugs that are not compatible with the barrel type.

**Q9: Can I reload 45-70 cartridges?**

**A:** Yes, the 45-70 is a popular cartridge for reloading. Reloading allows you to customize your loads for specific purposes and can also save money in the long run. However, it’s important to follow safe reloading practices and use reliable data.

**Q10: What are some ethical considerations when hunting with either a 12 gauge slug or a 45-70 cartridge?**

**A:** Ethical considerations include ensuring a clean and humane kill, knowing your effective range, practicing proper shot placement, and respecting the game animal. It’s also important to be aware of local hunting regulations and to obtain the necessary licenses and permits.

Conclusion & Strategic Call to Action

In conclusion, both the 12 gauge slug and the 45-70 cartridge offer unique advantages and disadvantages. The 12 gauge slug is a versatile and readily available option, particularly well-suited for deer hunting in areas where rifles are restricted. The 45-70, with its rich history and impressive stopping power, remains a popular choice for hunting large game at extended ranges. Ultimately, the best choice depends on your specific needs, hunting conditions, and personal preferences. We hope this comprehensive comparison has provided you with the knowledge to make an informed decision.

As leading experts in ammunition and firearms, we encourage you to share your own experiences with 12 gauge slugs and 45-70 cartridges in the comments below. Your insights can help other hunters make the right choice for their needs. For further information, explore our advanced guide to ammunition selection or contact our experts for a consultation on specific hunting applications.