# 12 Gauge Slug vs. 45-70: Which Reigns Supreme for Your Needs?
Choosing the right ammunition can be a pivotal decision, especially when it comes to hunting, self-defense, or even competitive shooting. The debate between the 12 gauge slug and the 45-70 cartridge is a classic one, steeped in history, performance, and intended use. This comprehensive guide will delve deep into the nuances of each option, providing you with the expert knowledge needed to make an informed choice. We’ll explore their ballistics, effective ranges, recoil, applications, and more, ensuring you understand the strengths and weaknesses of both. Our goal is to provide a resource that is not only informative but also demonstrates our deep expertise in firearms and ammunition. This isn’t just a comparison; it’s a detailed analysis built on experience and a commitment to providing trustworthy information.
## Understanding the 12 Gauge Slug: Power from a Shotgun
The 12 gauge shotgun is one of the most ubiquitous firearms in the world, known for its versatility and stopping power. When loaded with a slug, it transforms from a close-range bird hunting tool into a formidable medium-to-large game hunting weapon or a close-quarters defensive firearm. But what exactly *is* a 12 gauge slug, and what makes it so effective?
### What is a 12 Gauge Slug?
A 12 gauge slug is essentially a single, large projectile designed to be fired from a 12 gauge shotgun. Unlike birdshot, which contains numerous small pellets, a slug delivers all of its energy to a single point of impact. There are several types of 12 gauge slugs, each with its own characteristics:
* **Foster Slugs:** These are the most common type, featuring hollow points and rifling-like grooves on the outside. The hollow point helps with expansion upon impact, while the grooves allow the slug to be safely fired through smoothbore barrels (though rifled barrels are preferred for increased accuracy).
* **Brenneke Slugs:** These slugs are designed with an attached wad that separates from the slug after leaving the barrel. This wad helps to stabilize the slug in flight, improving accuracy.
* **Sabot Slugs:** Sabot slugs are smaller-diameter projectiles encased in a plastic or metal sabot. The sabot engages with the rifling of a rifled shotgun barrel, imparting spin to the slug for enhanced accuracy. The sabot separates from the slug after it leaves the barrel.
### Ballistics and Performance of the 12 Gauge Slug
The ballistics of a 12 gauge slug are characterized by significant energy delivery at relatively short ranges. A typical 1-ounce (437.5 grain) 12 gauge slug can achieve muzzle velocities of around 1500-1800 feet per second, generating muzzle energies in the neighborhood of 2500-3500 foot-pounds. This raw power makes it effective against large game animals like deer, bear, and wild boar.
However, the 12 gauge slug’s ballistic performance suffers considerably at longer ranges. Due to its relatively poor ballistic coefficient, the slug loses velocity and energy rapidly, and its trajectory becomes increasingly curved. Effective range for a 12 gauge slug is generally considered to be within 100-150 yards, and even at those distances, accuracy can be a challenge, especially with smoothbore barrels.
### Applications of the 12 Gauge Slug
* **Hunting:** 12 gauge slugs are a popular choice for deer hunting in areas where rifles are prohibited or restricted. They offer sufficient power to humanely harvest deer at moderate ranges.
* **Home Defense:** The immense stopping power of a 12 gauge slug makes it a viable option for home defense, although over-penetration can be a significant concern in close quarters. It’s crucial to consider your surroundings and potential for collateral damage.
* **Law Enforcement:** Law enforcement agencies sometimes use shotguns loaded with slugs for breaching doors or for engaging targets in close-range scenarios.
## Exploring the 45-70 Cartridge: A Legacy of Power
The 45-70 Government cartridge is a true icon of American firearms history, dating back to 1873 when it was adopted as the standard cartridge for the U.S. Army’s Springfield Model 1873 rifle. Originally designed for long-range black powder shooting, the 45-70 has evolved over the years, adapting to smokeless powder and finding new applications in hunting and recreational shooting. Its enduring popularity is a testament to its inherent power and versatility.
### What is the 45-70 Cartridge?
The 45-70 is a large-bore, straight-walled cartridge that typically fires a bullet with a diameter of .458 inches and a weight ranging from 300 to 500 grains (or even heavier in some custom loads). The “70” in its name originally referred to the black powder charge (70 grains) used in the original military load. Modern 45-70 cartridges are loaded with smokeless powder to achieve higher velocities and flatter trajectories.
### Ballistics and Performance of the 45-70
The 45-70’s ballistic performance is characterized by a combination of heavy bullet weight and moderate velocity. A typical 405-grain 45-70 load can achieve muzzle velocities of around 1300-1500 feet per second, generating muzzle energies in the range of 1500-2000 foot-pounds. While these numbers are lower than those of a 12 gauge slug, the 45-70’s higher ballistic coefficient allows it to retain velocity and energy much better at longer ranges.
This translates to a flatter trajectory and greater effective range compared to a 12 gauge slug. A skilled shooter can accurately engage targets with a 45-70 out to 200-300 yards, or even further with specialized loads and optics. The 45-70’s heavy bullet weight also provides excellent penetration, making it suitable for hunting large and dangerous game.
### Applications of the 45-70
* **Hunting:** The 45-70 is a popular choice for hunting large game animals such as deer, elk, moose, bear, and even African game. Its excellent penetration and stopping power make it effective on tough animals at moderate ranges.
* **Guide Guns:** Short, handy 45-70 rifles are often used as “guide guns” by hunting guides and outdoorsmen in bear country. These rifles provide a powerful and reliable means of defense against dangerous predators.
* **Recreational Shooting:** The 45-70 is also enjoyed by recreational shooters who appreciate its historical significance and its ability to deliver a satisfying recoil.
## 12 Gauge Slug vs. 45-70: A Detailed Comparison
Now that we’ve examined each cartridge individually, let’s compare them head-to-head across several key performance categories:
### Power and Energy
* **12 Gauge Slug:** Generally delivers higher muzzle energy than the 45-70, but energy drops off rapidly with distance.
* **45-70:** Lower muzzle energy, but maintains energy better at longer ranges due to a higher ballistic coefficient.
**Verdict:** The 12 gauge slug offers more raw power up close, but the 45-70 is more effective at longer distances.
### Range and Accuracy
* **12 Gauge Slug:** Effective range typically limited to 100-150 yards, accuracy can be challenging, especially with smoothbore barrels.
* **45-70:** Effective range can extend to 200-300 yards or more, accuracy is generally better than a 12 gauge slug, especially with a scoped rifle.
**Verdict:** The 45-70 offers superior range and accuracy.
### Recoil
* **12 Gauge Slug:** Recoil can be substantial, especially with heavier loads. Can be difficult for smaller or less experienced shooters.
* **45-70:** Recoil can also be significant, but is often perceived as more of a “push” than the sharp “slap” of a 12 gauge slug. Recoil can be managed with proper technique and rifle weight.
**Verdict:** Recoil is subjective, but most shooters find the 45-70’s recoil more manageable than that of a 12 gauge slug.
### Versatility
* **12 Gauge Slug:** Shotguns are versatile firearms that can be used for a variety of purposes, including bird hunting, clay shooting, and home defense. However, when loaded with slugs, their primary application is hunting medium-to-large game at close ranges.
* **45-70:** The 45-70 is primarily a hunting cartridge, but it can also be used for recreational shooting and as a defensive weapon in bear country. Its versatility is somewhat limited compared to a shotgun.
**Verdict:** The 12 gauge shotgun is a more versatile firearm overall, but the 45-70 is a specialized tool for hunting large game.
### Cost and Availability
* **12 Gauge Slug:** 12 gauge slugs are generally more affordable and readily available than 45-70 ammunition.
* **45-70:** 45-70 ammunition can be more expensive and harder to find, especially during periods of high demand.
**Verdict:** 12 gauge slugs are more economical and easier to obtain.
## Real-World Hunting Scenarios: Where Each Shines
Let’s consider some specific hunting scenarios to illustrate the strengths of each cartridge:
### Dense Woods Deer Hunting
In thick, dense woods where shots are typically short and quick, the 12 gauge slug can be an excellent choice. Its immense stopping power can quickly put down a deer, even if the shot placement isn’t perfect. The shotgun’s maneuverability in tight cover is also an advantage.
### Open Country Elk Hunting
In open country where longer shots are possible, the 45-70 is a better option. Its flatter trajectory and superior accuracy allow for more precise shot placement at distances beyond 100 yards. The 45-70’s excellent penetration is also crucial for ethically harvesting a large animal like an elk.
### Bear Defense in Alaska
In bear country, a short, powerful 45-70 rifle makes an excellent defensive weapon. Its heavy bullet weight and deep penetration can reliably stop a charging bear, providing a crucial margin of safety.
## The Role of Rifled Barrels and Optics
### Rifled Barrels for Shotguns
As mentioned earlier, rifled barrels significantly improve the accuracy of 12 gauge slugs. The rifling imparts spin to the slug, stabilizing it in flight and reducing the effects of wind drift. If you plan to use a 12 gauge slug for hunting, investing in a rifled barrel is highly recommended.
### Optics for Rifles
Adding a scope to a 45-70 rifle can greatly enhance its accuracy and effective range. A low-power variable optic (e.g., 1-4x or 2-7x) is a good choice for hunting, providing a wide field of view for close-range shots while also allowing for more precise aiming at longer distances.
## The Importance of Practice and Training
Regardless of which cartridge you choose, it’s essential to practice regularly and become proficient with your firearm. Understanding your weapon’s capabilities and limitations is crucial for ethical hunting and safe gun handling. Consider taking a firearms safety course or seeking instruction from a qualified shooting instructor.
## Leading Ammunition Brands: A Brief Overview
* **Federal Premium:** Known for high-quality ammunition and consistent performance in both 12 gauge slugs and 45-70 cartridges.
* **Hornady:** Offers a wide range of ammunition, including specialized hunting loads for both calibers.
* **Remington:** A long-standing brand with a reputation for reliable and affordable ammunition.
* **Winchester:** Another well-known brand with a diverse selection of ammunition for various applications.
## Expert Insights on Ammunition Selection
Based on expert consensus, the optimal choice between a 12 gauge slug and a 45-70 largely depends on the specific hunting scenario and individual preferences. Factors such as the type of game being hunted, the terrain, the typical shooting distances, and the shooter’s experience level should all be considered.
## Q&A: Addressing Your Top Questions
Here are some frequently asked questions about the 12 gauge slug and the 45-70 cartridge:
1. **Q: Which cartridge is better for deer hunting in thick brush?**
**A:** In thick brush, where shots are typically short and quick, the 12 gauge slug often excels due to its immense stopping power at close range. Its ability to deliver a significant amount of energy quickly can be advantageous in situations where precise shot placement may be challenging.
2. **Q: What is the maximum effective range of a 45-70 for elk hunting?**
**A:** The maximum effective range of a 45-70 for elk hunting depends on several factors, including the specific load, the rifle, and the shooter’s skill. However, with a modern rifle and a skilled shooter, ethical shots can be made out to 200-300 yards.
3. **Q: Is it safe to shoot 12 gauge slugs through a full choke?**
**A:** It is generally *not* safe to shoot 12 gauge slugs through a full choke. Full chokes are designed to constrict the shot pattern, and firing a solid slug through a full choke can damage the barrel or even cause it to burst. Improved cylinder or modified chokes are generally recommended for shooting slugs.
4. **Q: Can I use a 45-70 for self-defense against bears?**
**A:** Yes, a 45-70 can be an effective self-defense weapon against bears, particularly when loaded with heavy, hard-cast bullets. However, it’s important to practice regularly and be familiar with your rifle’s capabilities and limitations.
5. **Q: What is the best type of 12 gauge slug for home defense?**
**A:** For home defense, a reduced-recoil 12 gauge slug is often recommended. These slugs offer sufficient stopping power while minimizing the risk of over-penetration, which can be a significant concern in close quarters.
6. **Q: What is the difference between a Foster slug and a Brenneke slug?**
**A:** Foster slugs are hollow-based slugs with rifling-like grooves on the outside, while Brenneke slugs have an attached wad that separates from the slug after leaving the barrel. Brenneke slugs generally offer better accuracy than Foster slugs.
7. **Q: How much does a box of 45-70 ammunition typically cost?**
**A:** The cost of 45-70 ammunition can vary depending on the brand, bullet weight, and type. However, a box of 20 rounds typically costs between $40 and $80.
8. **Q: What is the ideal barrel length for a 45-70 guide gun?**
**A:** The ideal barrel length for a 45-70 guide gun is typically between 18 and 20 inches. This provides a good balance of maneuverability and ballistic performance.
9. **Q: Can I reload 45-70 cartridges?**
**A:** Yes, the 45-70 is a popular cartridge for reloading. Reloading allows you to customize your ammunition to your specific needs and preferences.
10. **Q: What are some common mistakes to avoid when shooting a 12 gauge slug?**
**A:** Common mistakes to avoid when shooting a 12 gauge slug include using an improper choke, failing to properly sight in your shotgun, and not practicing enough to become proficient with the weapon.
## Conclusion: Choosing the Right Tool for the Job
The debate between the 12 gauge slug and the 45-70 cartridge ultimately boils down to intended use and personal preference. The 12 gauge slug offers immense stopping power at close ranges and is a versatile option for hunting in dense cover. The 45-70, on the other hand, provides superior range and accuracy, making it a better choice for hunting in open country or for situations where longer shots are possible. Both cartridges are capable of ethically harvesting large game animals, but it’s crucial to understand their strengths and limitations and to choose the right tool for the job. We hope this detailed comparison has provided you with the expert knowledge you need to make an informed decision. Remember, practice and training are essential for safe and effective gun handling. If you have any further questions or would like to share your experiences with either cartridge, please leave a comment below. Explore our advanced guide to ammunition selection for more in-depth information.
